Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by intense itching, dryness, redness, and recurrent flare-ups. It commonly begins in childhood but may persist into adulthood or present later in life. Eczema is associated with a compromised skin barrier, immune dysregulation, and heightened skin sensitivity.

The condition often affects flexural areas such as the elbows, knees, neck, wrists, and face, though distribution may vary with age. Triggers include environmental allergens, temperature changes, stress, irritants, and certain fabrics or skincare products. Many patients experience cyclical flare-ups interspersed with periods of remission.

Chronic eczema can lead to skin thickening, pigmentation changes, secondary infections, and significant sleep disturbance due to persistent itching. The condition can also impact emotional well-being, particularly in children and adolescents.

Dermatological assessment focuses on identifying eczema subtype, severity, trigger patterns, and associated allergic tendencies. Management emphasizes restoring the skin barrier, minimizing inflammation, and reducing flare frequency through structured skin care regimens and trigger avoidance strategies.

Patient education is central to eczema care, including guidance on bathing practices, moisturization routines, and environmental control measures. Long-term dermatological follow-up helps monitor disease progression and prevent complications.

Effective eczema management aims to reduce symptom burden, improve skin resilience, and enhance quality of life through sustained dermatological care.