Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting the pilosebaceous units of the skin and commonly presents during adolescence, though it frequently persists or develops in adulthood. It is characterized by comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cystic lesions, most commonly affecting the face, chest, back, and shoulders. Acne results from a complex interaction between increased sebum production, follicular obstruction, inflammation, and bacterial colonization.

Hormonal fluctuations, genetic predisposition, stress, dietary factors, cosmetic use, and environmental exposure may contribute to acne severity. Adult-onset acne is increasingly common and may be associated with hormonal imbalance, lifestyle factors, or underlying medical conditions.

If inadequately managed, acne can lead to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, persistent redness, and acne scarring, which may be permanent. Acne scars can be atrophic (ice-pick, boxcar, rolling scars) or hypertrophic and may significantly affect self-esteem, psychological well-being, and quality of life.

Dermatological evaluation focuses on identifying acne type, severity, skin type, and contributing factors. Management is individualized and may include topical care, procedural dermatology interventions, lifestyle guidance, and long-term skin maintenance strategies. Early intervention plays a key role in preventing scarring and chronic inflammation.

Acne scarring requires specialized dermatological assessment, as treatment depends on scar morphology, skin tone, and depth of tissue involvement. A structured approach improves skin texture, reduces pigmentation irregularities, and enhances overall skin quality.

Long-term acne management emphasizes prevention of flare-ups, maintenance of skin barrier health, and minimization of recurrence through ongoing dermatological follow-up and patient education.