Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive decline in cognitive function sufficient to interfere with daily activities and independent living. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia and represents a neurodegenerative disorder marked by gradual deterioration of memory, executive function, language, and behavior. Dementia results from irreversible brain pathology and requires long-term neurological care.

Early symptoms often include short-term memory impairment, difficulty with complex tasks, disorientation, and subtle personality changes. As the disease progresses, patients develop significant cognitive impairment, loss of functional independence, behavioral disturbances, and neurological complications. Disease progression varies between individuals and depends on underlying pathology.

Neurological evaluation of dementia involves comprehensive cognitive assessment, neurological examination, and exclusion of reversible causes. Neuroimaging and laboratory investigations support diagnosis and help differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. Accurate diagnosis is essential for prognosis and management planning.

Management focuses on slowing cognitive decline, managing behavioral symptoms, and supporting functional ability. Pharmacological therapy may provide symptomatic benefit, while non-pharmacological interventions play a critical role in maintaining quality of life. Caregiver education and support are integral components of treatment.

Dementia care requires ongoing reassessment as cognitive and functional abilities decline. Neurologists coordinate long-term care strategies, addressing safety, behavioral changes, nutrition, and comorbid neurological conditions.

Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease represent progressive neurological disorders requiring compassionate, structured, and evidence-based long-term management to support both patients and caregivers.