Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as “pink eye,” is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent membrane covering the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. It is one of the most frequently encountered eye conditions across all age groups and can affect one or both eyes. While conjunctivitis is often mild, certain forms can be highly contagious or require prompt treatment to prevent complications.

Conjunctivitis can be classified into several types based on its cause: viral, bacterial, allergic, and irritant-induced. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common and is often associated with upper respiratory infections. It is highly contagious and spreads easily through contact with infected secretions. Bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by bacterial infections and is more common in children, presenting with thick discharge and crusting of the eyelids. Allergic conjunctivitis results from exposure to allergens such as pollen, dust, or pet dander and is often seasonal or chronic. Irritant conjunctivitis can occur due to exposure to smoke, chemicals, or foreign bodies.

Symptoms vary depending on the type but commonly include redness, itching, burning, tearing, discharge, eyelid swelling, and a gritty sensation in the eyes. Vision is usually unaffected, although excessive discharge may cause temporary blurring. In allergic conjunctivitis, itching is a prominent feature, while pain and light sensitivity may suggest a more serious condition requiring urgent evaluation.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical and based on patient history and examination findings. In certain cases, laboratory tests or cultures may be required to identify the causative organism, particularly in recurrent or severe infections.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Viral conjunctivitis typically resolves on its own with supportive care, including lubricating eye drops and cold compresses. Bacterial conjunctivitis is treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. Allergic conjunctivitis responds well to antihistamine or anti-inflammatory eye drops and allergen avoidance. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent hand washing and avoiding eye rubbing, are essential to prevent spread and recurrence.

Most cases of conjunctivitis resolve without long-term effects when appropriately managed. However, timely diagnosis and correct treatment are important to relieve symptoms, prevent transmission, and rule out more serious eye conditions that may mimic conjunctivitis.