Colorectal cancer refers to malignancies arising in the colon or rectum and is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with increasing incidence in the Middle East due to lifestyle factors, aging populations, and dietary patterns. Most colorectal cancers develop slowly from precancerous polyps over several years, making early detection through screening highly effective in preventing disease progression. When diagnosed at an early stage, colorectal cancer is highly treatable, while advanced disease requires comprehensive medical oncology care.

Risk factors include a diet high in red or processed meats, low fiber intake, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of colorectal cancer, genetic syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms may include changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, abdominal pain, fatigue, or iron-deficiency anemia, though early-stage disease may be asymptomatic.

Medical oncology plays a vital role in colorectal cancer management across all stages. Systemic therapy is commonly used after surgery to reduce recurrence risk in stage II and III disease and is the primary treatment modality for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. Chemotherapy remains the backbone of treatment and is often administered in combination regimens designed to maximize tumor control while preserving patient tolerance.

Targeted therapy has significantly improved outcomes for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. These treatments focus on specific molecular pathways involved in cancer growth, including angiogenesis and epidermal growth factor signaling. Molecular testing for biomarkers such as KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations is essential in guiding therapy selection and avoiding ineffective treatments.

Immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful option for a select group of colorectal cancer patients, particularly those with mismatch repair deficiency or microsatellite instability. In these patients, immunotherapy can produce durable responses and long-term disease control. Precision oncology allows oncologists to tailor treatment strategies based on tumor biology rather than a one-size-fits-all approach.

For metastatic colorectal cancer, medical oncology focuses on prolonging survival, controlling symptoms, and maintaining quality of life through sequential lines of therapy. Treatment decisions are guided by disease burden, molecular profile, prior treatments, and patient preferences. Supportive care addressing nutrition, pain, bowel function, and emotional wellbeing is an essential part of comprehensive cancer management.

In Dubai and across the UAE, colorectal cancer care follows international treatment protocols with a strong emphasis on multidisciplinary collaboration. Medical oncologists work closely with colorectal surgeons, gastroenterologists, radiologists, and radiation oncologists to deliver integrated, patient-centered care. Early screening, timely diagnosis, and access to advanced systemic therapies continue to improve outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer.