Cervical and lumbar radiculopathy are neurological conditions caused by compression or irritation of spinal nerve roots as they exit the spinal column. This compression most commonly results from intervertebral disc herniation, degenerative spinal changes, or spinal canal narrowing. Radiculopathy produces characteristic patterns of pain, sensory disturbance, and motor weakness corresponding to the affected nerve root.

Cervical radiculopathy typically presents with neck pain radiating into the shoulder, arm, or hand, accompanied by numbness, tingling, or weakness. Lumbar radiculopathy, commonly referred to as sciatica, manifests as lower back pain radiating into the buttock, leg, or foot. Symptoms are often exacerbated by movement, posture, or activities that increase spinal loading.

Neurological assessment focuses on correlating clinical symptoms with anatomical nerve root involvement. Examination includes evaluation of motor strength, sensory deficits, reflex changes, and provocative maneuvers. Imaging studies are essential to confirm structural causes and guide management decisions.

Management of radiculopathy is primarily conservative in most cases. Neurological treatment aims to reduce nerve inflammation, alleviate pain, and restore function. Pharmacological therapy targets neuropathic pain and inflammation, while activity modification and rehabilitation support recovery.

Persistent or progressive neurological deficits require close monitoring. Surgical referral may be indicated in selected cases with refractory pain or significant motor weakness. Long-term outcomes are generally favorable with appropriate neurological management.

Radiculopathy represents a common neurological spine disorder requiring accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment to prevent chronic pain and disability.