Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is a circulatory condition caused by narrowing or blockage of arteries that supply blood to the limbs, most commonly the legs. It is primarily caused by atherosclerosis, the same process responsible for coronary artery disease, and is a strong marker of widespread cardiovascular disease.

Patients with PAD often experience leg pain or cramping while walking, known as claudication, which improves with rest. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include numbness, weakness, coldness in the lower legs or feet, slow-healing wounds, skin discoloration, and reduced mobility. In severe cases, PAD can lead to critical limb ischemia and risk of limb loss.

PAD is closely associated with diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and aging. Many patients with PAD also have underlying heart disease, significantly increasing their risk of heart attack and stroke.

Diagnosis includes physical examination, ankle-brachial index testing, vascular ultrasound, CT or MR angiography, and cardiac assessment to evaluate overall cardiovascular risk.

Treatment focuses on improving blood flow, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications. This may include lifestyle changes, smoking cessation, exercise therapy, medications to control cholesterol and blood pressure, and interventional procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery when necessary.

Early detection and management of PAD not only preserve limb function but also reduce the risk of life-threatening cardiovascular events.