Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body’s tissues, most commonly affecting the legs, ankles, feet, and sometimes the abdomen. In cardiology, edema is often a visible sign of heart disease, particularly heart failure, where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup.

When the heart’s pumping efficiency decreases, blood flow slows and pressure builds up in veins, causing fluid to leak into surrounding tissues. This results in swelling that may worsen throughout the day, improve with leg elevation, and be accompanied by weight gain, breathlessness, fatigue, and reduced exercise tolerance.

Cardiac edema is frequently associated with right-sided heart failure, advanced left-sided heart failure, valve disorders, or cardiomyopathy. It may also signal worsening heart function and should be promptly evaluated to prevent complications.

Patients may notice tight shoes, swollen ankles, shiny or stretched skin, and pitting (an indentation that remains when pressure is applied). In more advanced cases, fluid may accumulate in the lungs, leading to shortness of breath, or in the abdomen, causing discomfort and bloating.

Diagnosis includes clinical examination, blood tests, echocardiography, chest imaging, and assessment of kidney and liver function to identify the underlying cause. Cardiac evaluation is essential to differentiate heart-related edema from other causes such as kidney or liver disease.

Treatment focuses on managing the underlying heart condition and reducing fluid overload. This may involve medications such as diuretics, optimization of heart failure therapy, dietary sodium restriction, and lifestyle modifications. Early intervention can relieve symptoms, improve mobility, and enhance quality of life.