Bruxism is a condition characterized by involuntary grinding or clenching of the teeth, occurring either during sleep or while awake. It is a common but frequently underdiagnosed condition that can cause significant damage to teeth, jaw muscles, and the temporomandibular joints if left untreated. Many patients are unaware of their condition until symptoms such as tooth wear, jaw pain, or headaches become noticeable.

Chronic teeth grinding exerts excessive force on the teeth and supporting structures, leading to progressive enamel wear, increased tooth sensitivity, fractures, and damage to dental restorations. Over time, teeth may appear flattened or shortened, compromising both function and appearance. The jaw muscles are also affected, resulting in muscle fatigue, stiffness, facial pain, and morning headaches.

Bruxism is often associated with psychological stress, anxiety, sleep disorders, abnormal bite alignment, and certain medications. Sleep bruxism is particularly concerning because it occurs unconsciously and may persist for years without intervention. In severe cases, bruxism contributes to temporomandibular joint disorders, causing clicking, locking, or restricted jaw movement.

Diagnosis is based on a combination of patient history, clinical examination, and identification of characteristic signs such as worn tooth surfaces, cracked enamel, jaw muscle tenderness, and damage to restorations. Early diagnosis is essential, as the structural damage caused by bruxism is cumulative and irreversible if not addressed.

Management focuses on protecting the teeth and reducing muscle strain while addressing contributing factors. Custom-fabricated night guards are commonly prescribed to absorb grinding forces and prevent further tooth wear. Stress management strategies, behavioral therapy, and lifestyle modifications may be recommended for patients with stress-related bruxism. In cases where bite discrepancies contribute to grinding, orthodontic or restorative treatment may be considered.

Effective management of bruxism helps preserve tooth structure, reduce pain, and prevent long-term complications involving the jaw joints and muscles. With appropriate intervention and regular monitoring, patients can maintain oral comfort and function while minimizing the damaging effects of teeth grinding.