Bad breath, clinically known as halitosis, is a common oral health concern characterized by persistent unpleasant odor from the mouth. While temporary bad breath can occur due to certain foods or dehydration, chronic halitosis often indicates underlying dental or medical conditions that require professional evaluation. It affects people of all ages and can significantly impact confidence, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

The most common cause of halitosis is the accumulation of bacteria in the mouth, particularly on the tongue, gums, and between teeth. These bacteria break down food particles and release sulfur-containing compounds that produce foul odors. Poor oral hygiene allows plaque buildup and food debris retention, creating an environment for odor-producing bacteria to thrive. Gum disease, dental caries, and untreated dental infections are frequent contributors.

Dry mouth is another major factor in halitosis. Saliva plays a critical role in cleansing the mouth and neutralizing acids and bacteria. Reduced saliva flow, whether due to dehydration, medications, smoking, or medical conditions, increases the likelihood of bad breath. Morning breath is a common example of halitosis caused by reduced salivary flow during sleep.

In some cases, halitosis may originate beyond the oral cavity. Chronic sinus infections, tonsillar debris, gastrointestinal issues, and systemic conditions such as diabetes or liver disease can contribute to persistent bad breath. Identifying the source is essential for effective management.

Diagnosis involves a thorough dental examination to assess oral hygiene, gum health, tongue coating, and presence of infection. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause. Professional dental cleaning, treatment of gum disease or cavities, tongue cleaning, and patient education on proper oral hygiene are key components. Hydration, dietary modifications, and management of dry mouth are also important.

Effective treatment of halitosis restores oral freshness, improves confidence, and supports overall oral and systemic health.