Allergy and anaphylaxis risk in anesthesia represents a rare but potentially life-threatening complication that requires immediate recognition and intervention. Anesthetic agents, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, latex, antiseptics, and blood products can trigger allergic reactions ranging from mild skin manifestations to severe anaphylaxis with cardiovascular collapse. Because these reactions often occur rapidly and under anesthesia, preparedness and vigilance are critical.

Pre-anesthesia assessment plays a crucial role in identifying patients at increased allergy risk. A detailed history of drug allergies, food allergies, latex sensitivity, previous anesthesia reactions, and unexplained intraoperative events is essential. Patients with asthma, eczema, multiple drug allergies, or previous anaphylaxis require heightened caution.

Anaphylaxis during anesthesia may present atypically, as patients are sedated or unconscious. Sudden hypotension, bronchospasm, difficulty ventilating, skin flushing, or cardiovascular instability may be the first signs. Immediate recognition and rapid treatment are essential to prevent fatal outcomes.

Anesthesia teams are trained to manage allergic reactions promptly using standardized emergency protocols. This includes immediate discontinuation of suspected triggers, administration of epinephrine, airway support, oxygenation, fluid resuscitation, and advanced cardiovascular life support when required. Operating rooms and recovery areas are equipped with emergency drugs and monitoring systems to manage such events.

Preventive strategies include avoiding known allergens, using alternative medications, latex-free environments, and clear documentation of allergies in medical records. In high-risk patients, anesthesia plans are carefully tailored, and emergency preparedness is heightened.

Post-event evaluation is important for identifying the causative agent and preventing recurrence. Patients are referred for allergy testing and counseling, and clear documentation ensures future anesthesia is delivered safely.

Effective allergy and anaphylaxis risk management is a cornerstone of patient safety in anesthesia. Through vigilance, preparedness, and rapid intervention, anesthesiology teams significantly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with allergic reactions.