Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the nasal lining caused by an exaggerated immune response to airborne allergens. It is one of the most common ENT disorders and affects both children and adults, significantly impacting quality of life, sleep, productivity, and overall well-being. The condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly identifies harmless substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, or animal dander as threats and releases inflammatory mediators, primarily histamine.

There are two main forms of allergic rhinitis: seasonal and perennial. Seasonal allergic rhinitis, often referred to as hay fever, occurs during specific times of the year when pollen levels are high. Perennial allergic rhinitis persists throughout the year and is commonly triggered by indoor allergens such as dust mites and pet dander. Many patients experience a combination of both forms.

Symptoms typically include persistent sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, nasal itching, postnasal drip, and watery or itchy eyes. Some individuals also experience headache, facial pressure, reduced sense of smell, fatigue, and disturbed sleep. In children, chronic allergic rhinitis may contribute to mouth breathing, poor concentration, and recurrent ear or sinus infections.

Diagnosis is based on a detailed clinical history and ENT examination. Nasal examination may reveal pale, swollen nasal mucosa with clear secretions. Allergy testing, including skin prick tests or blood tests for allergen-specific antibodies, may be recommended to identify triggering allergens and guide targeted management. It is also essential to rule out associated conditions such as sinusitis, nasal polyps, or deviated nasal septum.

Management of allergic rhinitis involves a combination of allergen avoidance, medical therapy, and long-term control strategies. Avoiding known triggers, improving indoor air quality, and maintaining proper nasal hygiene are foundational steps. Medications such as intranasal corticosteroid sprays, antihistamines, and saline rinses help control inflammation and relieve symptoms. In selected cases, immunotherapy may be recommended to reduce long-term sensitivity to allergens.

If left untreated, allergic rhinitis can lead to complications such as chronic sinusitis, middle ear infections, sleep disturbances, and worsening asthma control. Early ENT evaluation and individualized treatment plans help achieve symptom control, prevent complications, and significantly improve daily functioning.