Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to bleeding from the uterus that differs in frequency, duration, or volume from normal menstrual patterns. It is a common gynecologic complaint affecting women at various life stages, including adolescence, reproductive years, and perimenopause. Abnormal bleeding can significantly impact physical health, emotional well-being, and daily functioning.

Bleeding abnormalities may present as heavy menstrual bleeding, prolonged periods, irregular cycles, intermenstrual bleeding, or postmenopausal bleeding. Causes are diverse and include hormonal imbalance, structural uterine abnormalities, ovulatory dysfunction, infections, medications, and systemic medical conditions. In some cases, abnormal bleeding may be the first sign of serious pathology, making thorough evaluation essential.

Assessment begins with a detailed menstrual and medical history, focusing on bleeding patterns, associated symptoms, and risk factors. Investigations aim to identify hormonal causes, structural abnormalities, and endometrial pathology. Imaging and endometrial assessment may be required to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment.

Management is individualized and depends on age, severity of bleeding, underlying cause, and reproductive plans. Treatment goals include controlling bleeding, correcting anemia, preventing recurrence, and addressing underlying pathology. Both medical and surgical options may be considered depending on clinical findings.

Untreated abnormal uterine bleeding can lead to chronic anemia, fatigue, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare utilization. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to restore normal menstrual function and prevent long-term complications.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is a manageable condition with a wide range of effective treatment options. A structured diagnostic approach ensures accurate identification of causes and allows tailored care for optimal outcomes.